1
2
  -2022
/ 5 
 
[   ( 1500 – 1956 .)]
   : 3 .  :100
:                     
     
 -
1.                
2.               
  
 -
3.           
4.               
 -
5. 1917              
    
2
2
6. 1868-1894          
 -
7. '   '      
8.                 
  -2022
/ 5 
 
[   ( 1500 – 1956 .)]
   : 3 .  :100
:                     
     
 -
1.                
::            
3
2
 ,   ,       ,  16   
 ,           
             ,  
    ,          ,     
        ,       
   
1.      
•    1483               
 -                
 ,            
        1512        
•                
       (       
    )           
               
,  1513 ,            
             ,    
      ,        (
2. 95      
•           1517    95  
   95          ,   
         ,       
                
                
                
   
• 31 , 1517 ,              95
                 
      ,          
              
     ,          
           
3.      
•           ( )     ,
                  
          ( )    
4
2
     ,            
  
• 1520 ,              
 :  
    ,    ,  
     ,     ,    
   ,             
               
 ,           ,    
    
4.      
•          ,      
 1520 ,       ,    ,  
                
       ,  1521 ,     
  
•  ,           ,    
  ,           ,  , " 
 ,     "           
  ,             , 
      ,         
        (
5.      
•      ,        
             ,  
       ,         ,
             
    
•  ,             
              , 
             
         1524-1525      
,        (
6.         
•              
                
      ,           
5
2
       ,      (1618-1648) 
 ,         
•        1555        
          ,    
                
  ,   (" ,  ")     
       ,    
     
7.        
•              
       ,        
      ,        
         
•                 
                
             
   
•  ,              
  ,          
              
   ,            
                
 
2.               
  
:             
              1805  
        ,        
       ,    ,     
             
1806 ,      ,           
               
6
2
  1807              
     ,          
    
    :
1.       :         ,  
     ,         
   
2.              
            ,    
   
3.    :       
  ,           
  
     
             - :
•             , 
    ,            
             

•              ,     25-55% 
  ,           
         ,     
     ,       (
•                
,    ,         , 
              
       
       :
1.   :           
              
 ,             
     ,       
   ,         (
7
2
2.  :  
  ,       
           ,    
                
     ,  -     
,         
3.    :   
     
     ,          
    1807          
      ,         
      , ,          ,
          1810    
             1812   
    ,        (
4.    :           
             
             
 ,             
             ,    
 
5.     :           
       ,         
     ,        ,
               
               
    (
6.   :           
         ,      
               
             (

                ,
     ,   ,     
              
   -     ,       
   ,            
              
 ,        ,      
8
2
            
         ,      
 -
3.           
:          ,   19  
            ,  
                
            :
    
  ,       300   -    
        , -    - 
              
      ,          (
    
1815     1862            
     ,           
  
                  -
    ""  
       "    "    " 
"  ,       
     
1.   (1864):           ,
              
     ,          ,
                
(
2. -  (1866):        ,  
                 ,
           (
        )       
          
9
2
3. -  (1870-1871):        
            ,   
      ,          
       ,  1871 ,     
                 
,        
     
           ,   
      -        
     -       , -
   ,       ,        
           
      
  ,            
              
                
             ,  
             
    
               
         ,       
        " "       
        ,     
          
 ,   ,        ,   
               
  ,     -      
4.               
:  1789            
        ,       ,
               
10
2
  ,          
          :
1.     ( )
          1789    
           ,    
             , 
                
          ,  " "    
 ,                (
2.         
    26 , 1789         
       ,       
 ,     ,        
   ,           
                
 ,         (
3.       
1790 ,               
                 
                  
,                  
                   
           ,    (
4.    
    ,           
  ,       1791 ,     
  ,      ,    XVI  
            
      ,        ,  
               (
5.   
               
                
      ,           
11
2
     ,        
  ,              
6.     
  1789 ,         ,     
                
                 
              
  
            ,   
           (
7.     
               , 
,            
     -          
   -     ,    ,  
     ,          
8.   
    ,         
      ,          
                 
       -  ,     
        ,         
 ,         ,       
      (

               
     ,       
            
       ,       
              
    ,           
          (
12
2
 -
5. 1917              
    
:1917          ,    
               :  
        -      - 
 
          
1.                
 ,               
                
  1905             
   ()       ,     ,
               
      ,       (
2.   :        
    
            - 
(1904-1905)   
    ,      
                  
                
                1917
,  2     ,           
          ,     
    (
3.  :           
           ,      
             , 
 ,         1916   , 
     ,  
     1916-1917 
         ,  (  )  
        
4.    :         
   ,          
 ,              
 ,            
13
2
              1916
                
5.     -   ,     
      ,     ,  
         ,     ,
               II
       
      
1.    (  1917):    1917 (   ) 
                
    
             
               15
, 1917              
               
           ,    
  (
2.   :             
 ( )      ,     ,
               
               
        ,    ,  
              
        (
3.     ( 1917): 1917 ,      
                ",
  "           25  , 1917
(   7 ) ,      ,   
           
           (
4.     :     ,  ()
   (, 
     )  
     1918  1921       
 ,  1922       (USSR)    
              
    ,       
14
2
    
•     :          
,  300         
•    :         
,            ,  
      
• :          1921  , 
    -   
•                
     ,  20       
  
          , ,   
               
    
6. 1868-1894          
:1868-1894             
          ,        
 ,  1867  1912              
      
        
    :
:      
1868  ,      (1603-1868)   ,      
          ,     -
                 
          ,     
            ,   () 
 ()     
,         1853    
           1854       
                
                  
15
2
      ,         
      
   (1868)
1868 ,                 
       ,       
     ,  
       ,  
           
        (1868-1894)
1.    
                
                
          ,     
     
• 1889 ,              
              
   ,           
    ,        
 
2.   
                , 
    
•    1873      ,        
    
     -     
  
•          ,     , 
             
           
3.   : 
             
  ,              
  
•           ,   
              

  
16
2
•              
            
 ()  ,         
4.     
               
           ,       
,                  1872
     ,           
•               
   ,             
              
    
•     ,   -  ,    
    ,         
,       
5.      
-    ,             
           1894 ,  
         -        
          
                 
 1890   ,   
          
  
        
              
     
•   :          ,   
                ,
   1877    ,       
         ,      

•     :         ,  
              
     ,    ,     
             
17
2
:         
1894       , - 
      
          ,      
              
           
     
         
                 
    19            
                ,
                 
 
 -
7. '   '      
:    :   
  
  .          , 
     ,  1929     1930       
 ,            
   ,  1933  
 ,      , 
                 
    ,           

   
•      ,          1929  
,             
   ,         ,  1933  25%
      ,          
              
     
•  1932   .  
  ,        
             
   ,           
     
18
2
    
        ,   " "   :
1.  -             
,        
2. -             
3.  –              
   
   (1933-1934)
          :    (1933-34)    
(1935-38)               
 
  
•      ,         1933 
     ,       
                
  " "            ,
                
    
• 1933  -             
               
    (FDIC)       
   ,                
 
  
           ,      
    (AAA)          
             ,     
   ,          , 
              
    
   ()     ()    
                
     ,    ,    
19
2
              
                
  
    (NIRA)           
              
              
         -       
,               ,
   1935         
   (1935-1938)
     ,        ,   
             
    
          1935      
     ,          
                  
             , 
      
  
 ,  
          ,    
                
                 
              
         ,     
      
        
   (WPA)   1935           
        WPA      
       ,   , ,     
WPA  ,        ,    
         
   
               (FHA) 
                  
20
2
                 ,
              
   
      ,         
        ,          
          
  
    ,      ,     
               
       ,         
                  

        
  
 ,                
                 
          "  "  
             
                
   
          1935 ,     
             
,            ""
                ,
            
   ?
•                 -
          ,     
 -             
          ,      FDIC,
          
•                 
     ,          
      ,        
             
         
21
2

                 
              
,              ,
                
               
 ,          
8.                 
:: 1922  1943             
     , 
,        
                 
      :
 
1.        : 1922         , 
          ,       
 1925 ,          ,   -
      ,          
             
        OVRA        
     ,         
2.         :        
    "
"          
,             -
      ,   
       
     
    ,       
          
3.  :      ,    
  ,        ,     
           , 1920     ,
            
   ,  , ,       
                
22
2
       ,  ,  
        
•               
      
      
             "
  "              
      ,     ,   
       
4.  :             ,
               
              
  
            ,    
                
     ,         ,  
            
 
•   :            
              
             
     1935   ( )   
 
      ,       
   ,             
 
•               , 
" " ( )       
  
           
2.       :-      
,
        ,  1936  -    
                 
                
 ,  , 
  -  
•          1940       
                
   ,         ,    
         ,     
    ,          
23
2
3.     :    ,       
      ,            
              1943
,    
           
                

   ,            , 
               
    
  ,        
  ,               
        ,      
         ,       
            
      ,      
                ,
        
:              ( )       
         ,              